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A relatively common motif in speculative fiction is the existence of single-gender worlds or single-sex societies. These fictional societies have long been one of the primary ways to explore implications of gender and gender-differences in science fiction and fantasy.〔Attebery 2002, p. 13.〕 In the fictional setting, these societies often arise due to elimination of one gender through war or natural disasters and disease.〔Bartter 2004, "Momutes", Robin Anne Reid, p. 101.〕 The societies may be portrayed as utopian or dystopian, as seen in pulp tales of oppressive matriarchies. ==Female-only worlds== There is a long tradition of female-only places in literature and mythology, starting with the Amazons and continuing into some examples of feminist utopias. In speculative fiction, female-only worlds have been imagined to come about, among other approaches, by the action of disease that wipes out men, along with the development of technological or mystical method that allow female parthenogenic reproduction. The resulting society is often shown to be utopian by feminist writers. Several influential feminist utopias of this sort were written in the 1970s;〔〔Brulotte & Phillips 2006, "Science Fiction and Fantasy", p. 1189.〕 the most often studied examples include Joanna Russ's ''The Female Man'', Suzy McKee Charnas's ''Walk to the End of the World'' and ''Motherlines'', and Marge Piercy's ''Woman on the Edge of Time''.〔 Utopias imagined by male authors have generally included equality between sexes, rather than separation.〔Bartter 2004, "Momutes", Robin Anne Reid, p. 102.Incorrect summary from Reid's article; citation needed〕 Female-only societies may be seen as an extreme type of a biased sex-ratio, another common SF theme.〔Majerus 2003, p. 4.〕 Such worlds have been portrayed most often by lesbian or feminist authors; their use of female-only worlds allows the exploration of female independence and freedom from patriarchy. The societies may not necessarily be lesbian, or sexual at all—a famous early sexless example being ''Herland'' (1915) by Charlotte Perkins Gilman.〔 Some lesbian separatist authors have used female-only societies to additionally posit that all women would be lesbians if having no possibility of sexual interaction with men, as in ''Ammonite'' (1993) by Nicola Griffith. The enormously influential ''The Female Man'' (1975) and "When It Changed" (1972) by Joanna Russ portrayed a peaceful agrarian society of lesbians who resent the later intrusion of men, and a world in which women plan a genocidal war against men, implying that the utopian lesbian society is the result of this war.〔Landon 1997, "Writing Like A Woman: Joanna Russ", p. 129.〕 During the pulp era, matriarchal dystopias were relatively common, in which female-only or female-controlled societies were shown unfavourably.〔 In John Wyndham's ''Consider Her Ways'' (1956), male rule is shown as being repressive of women, but freedom from patriarchy is only possible in an authoritarian caste-based female-only society.〔Larbalestier 2002, "Mama Come Home; Parodies of the Sex-War", p. 72.〕 Poul Anderson's "Virgin Planet" depicted a world where five hundred castaway women found a way of reproducing asexually—but the daughter is genetically identical to the mother—with the result that eventually the planet has a large population composed entirely of "copies" of the original women. In this female-only world, human males are considered mythical creatures—and a man who lands on the planet after centuries of isolation finds it difficult to prove that he really is one. An example of a contemporary dystopian female world is ''Y: The Last Man'', which features one male human and monkey who survive a cataclysmic event killing all other males. James Tiptree Jr., a woman writing secretly under a male pseudonym, explored the sexual impulse and gender as two of her main themes;〔Clute & Nicholls 1995, "Sex", p. 1088.〕 in her award-winning "Houston, Houston, Do You Read?" (collected in ''Her Smoke Rose Up Forever''), she presents a female-only society after the extinction of men from disease. The society lacks stereotypically "male" problems such as war and crime, but only recently resumed space exploration. The women reproduce via cloning and consider men to be comical. A Door into Ocean is a 1986 feminist science fiction novel by Joan Slonczewski. The novel shows themes of ecofeminism and nonviolent revolution, combined with Slonczewski's own knowledge in the field of biology. The water moon Shora is inhabited by women living on rafts who have a culture and language based on sharing and a mastery of molecular biology that allows them to reproduce by parthenogenesis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Single-gender world」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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